執行功能 (executive function) 是指一個人能專心於目前所做的事,以達到目標的能力。我們的大腦需要這些技能來集中注意力、記住指令、過濾干擾、同時處理多個任務、為工作裏的細項排優先順序、訂立目標和進行規劃、彈性面對變化和控制衝動 (Galinsky, 2010)。
哈佛大學學者將它比喻為空中交通管制系統,它在我們出生後不久便開始發展,其中3歲至5歲是發展的黃金階段,其後平穩持續發展至成年早期 (Shonkoff, Duncan, Fisher, Magnuson, & Raver, 2011)。
執行功能對目標為本的行為 (goal-directed behaviour) 很重要,它有三頂核心執行功能,包括:工作記憶能力(working memory),用以儲存和處理信息去完成任務及生成目標;自制能力 (inhibitory control),用以適當調節行為和情緒;靈活思考能力 (cognitive flexibility),用以在兩個不同概念之間切換,以及同時思考多個概念。
執行功能和兒童的認知、語言、社交、情緒及讀寫發展有密切關係 (Shonkoff et al., 2011),而語言障礙、自閉症、ADHD的兒童都在執行功能有不同方面和程度的缺損 (Barkley, 1997; Gooch, Thompson, Nash, Snowling, & Hulme, 2016; Russell, 1997)。
Reference
Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological bulletin, 121(1), 65.
Galinsky, E. (2010). Mind in the making: The seven essential life skills every child needs. New York: Harper.
Gooch, D., Thompson, P., Nash, H. M., Snowling, M. J., & Hulme, C. (2016). The development of executive function and language skills in the early school years. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(2), 180-187.
Russell, J. (1997). How executive disorders can bring about adequate theory of mind. In J. Russell (Ed.), Autism as an executive disorder (pp. 256–304). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shonkoff, J. P., Duncan, G. J., Fisher, P. A., Magnuson, K., & Raver, C. (2011). Building the brain's “air traffic control” system: How early experiences shape the development of executive function. National Forum on Early Childhood Policy and Programs, 11.